留学生群体与民国时期农业的发展

The Group of the Agricultural Overseas Students and the Development of the Agriculture in Modern China

近代中国农学留学生,是由1897-1949年间中国各类新式学堂和欧、美、日等西方高等院校及研究机构培养出来的,是在探寻实现"科学救国"、"农业救国"和"教育救国"之梦的过程中逐渐形成的。民国以降,农学留学生群体日益壮大,他们中许多人回国后参与制定农业科技发展方针,促进国际农业科技交流与合作,组织和实施农业科技与农业生产计划,担任农业院校或系科的主要领导和学术骨干,开展农学教育与科研活动,组建学术社团,创办学术期刊,或投身于农业生产实践,推广农业科技。通过对收集到的348名高等农业院校归国留学生教师在性别、地域分布、留学国别、留学院校、所获学位等方面情况的归纳与分析,以及对他们在农业生产、农业科技、农学教育等方面贡献的考察,可以看出,近代中国农学留学生群体在很大程度上提升了中国的农业科技水平,促进了农业生产的发展,建立了包含专科、本科、硕士研究生教育的近代中国高等农学教育体系,为近代中国的农业生产与农业科技的发展发挥了积极的推动作用,并在一定程度上为中国现代农业生产与农业科技的发展奠定了基础。

The group of the agricultural overseas students in modern China was fostered by all kinds of new-style schools in China and the colleges and universities and the research institutes in the Europe, in the U. S. A. and in Japan. And this group came in- to being gradually while the overseas students were seeking for how to realize the same dream of saving the Chinese nation by the science, the agriculture and the education. Since the Republic of China was founded, this group was growing larger and larger. After returning to China, many of the overseas students began to engage into the participation of making the policies of the devel-opment of the agricultural science and technologies, and promoted the international exchanges and cooperation in the agricultural science and technologies. And many of them organized and implemented the plans of the agricultural technologies and agricultural production. And as the major leaders or the academic backbone in their departments or in the colleges and universities, many of them carried on the development of the agriculture education and scientific research activities through establishing the academic communities and setting academic journals. Moreover, many of them engaged in the practice of the agricultural production, and popularized the agricultural science and technologies. Through summarizing and analyzing the collective characteristics of the 348 agricultural teachers returned from the western countries in the agricultural colleges and universities who had been collected by the author of this article in which contains the sexes, the geographical distributions, the countries in which the overseas students studied aboard, the colleges and universities in which the overseas students studied, the degrees awarded, and so on, and through the investigation of what they had had done in agricultural production, technologies and education, it is revealed that, in a large part, the group of the overseas students in modern China have increased the level of the agricultural science and technolo- gies, and have pushed the agricultural production ahead, and have built the system of the higher agricultural education in modern China which was made up of the junior college education, the undergraduate education and the graduate student education. And it is also revealed that they have had played more active roles in the agricultural production and the agricultural science and tech- nologies. In addition to the above, they already have laid a solid foundation for the development of the modern agricultural pro-duction and the agricultural science and technologies in China.