鸦片战争前后中国沿海的地方军事化与绅权伸张(1839-1849年)

Mobilization of Troops and Rise of Gentry in Coastal China around the First Opium War(1839-1849)

鸦片战争期间的地方军事化动员,不过是蹈袭历代团练的旧谱;而战争结束后关于沿海地方军事化的议论,更说明战争的失败并没有促使朝野上下深刻反思战败的制度性原因。三元里抗英斗争唤醒了民间反抗的传统,体现了绅士的居间联络功能。社学运动和反入城斗争充分体现了民间绅士对保家卫国责任的诉求,集中反映出这一时期绅士权利的伸张。战争前后零星的群众自发反英斗争虽然不是这一时期社会运动的主流,但其原始的冲动和激烈的力量,却在近代中国群众性斗争中不断重现。

The mobilization of local troops in coastal China during the first Opium War （1840 -1842） turns out to be a duplicated version of the traditional recruitment of noneffective civil corps, and the disputes over the issue after the war are further evidence of the whole government＇ s failure to rethink the institutional reasons for the defeat. The Sanyuanli Revolt （ 1841 ） by ordinary people against British troops marks the debut of nongovernmental resistance to foreign invasions in China, and manifests the importance of the gentry as me- diators and organizers therein. The local aristocracy＇ s appeals are also expressed through their patriotic enthu- siasms in the series of movements and struggles against foreign invaders after the war. Such sporadic and spon- taneous fights against British invaders around the first Opium War, though being not the socio-political main- stream of the time, are recurring in modern Chinese history of grassroots resistance to foreign invasions with their impressive impetus and great momentum.