基于不同时空尺度的知识溢出网络结构特征研究

The Structural Characteristics of Knowledge Spillover Networks Based on Different Spatial and Temporal Scales

知识溢出的多空间尺度耦合、空间知识溢出的测度以及空间知识溢出的机制是近期国内外有关知识溢出地理效应研究的主要新动向。借助科学计量学追踪知识溢出的方法，以2000-2009年被国际ISI及国内重庆维普数据库收录的，中国大学和科研院所等机构在生物技术领域合作发表科学论文的信息为数据源，从社会网络的视角，运用社会网络分析和GIS空间分析方法，分别以国家、省份和城市为单元，从国际、国家和长三角层面（区域），分析2000年以来，中国大学和科研院所知识溢出网络的拓扑结构和空间结构变动特征，并从地理距离、社会距离、认知距离、组织距离等方面探讨影响知识溢出效应的机理。研究发现：①2003～2004年为知识溢出网络发展的拐点期；②国际和国家层面网络接近小世界网络，长三角层面的网络体现出更多的随机网络特征；③知识在国际层面的空间溢出具有明显的路径依赖性，主要受到社会距离和组织距离的影响；④在国家层面呈现由三角形向钻石形发展的趋势，随着网络发育的日益成熟，地理距离的影响逐步减弱，社会距离和组织距离的影响得以加强；⑤在长三角层面总体上呈现三点一线特征，地理距离在区域尺度的影响最为显著，知识溢出既遵循了等级扩散的规律，也体现了距离衰减的特点。

In recent years, there are some trends in the research field of geographical effect of knowledge spill overs, such as coupling of knowledge spillovers between various space scales, measuring the space track of knowledge spillovers, and exploration the mechanism of spatial knowledge spillovers. By using the metrology of tracking knowledge spillovers from Scientometrics, this article takes statistical data of the scientific papers published in cooperation about the biotechnology both in the database of Thompson R ISI Web of Knowledge （ISI） and Chinese Scientific and Technical Journals （Journal of Chongqiing VIP） from 2000 to 2009 as data source. From the perspective of social network, using countries, provinces and cities as nodes, the knowledge spillover networks is constructed respectively at international, national and regional （the Yangtze Delta） levels. By using the Social Network Analysis （SNA） and the GIS spatial analysis method, this article analysis the topo logical and spatial structure characteristics of the knowledge spillover networks since 2000, and study the Influ ence factors of knowledge spillover effects from the perspective of geographic distance, cognitive distance, so cial distance and organization distance. The results show that： 1 ） The period of 2003-2004 is the turning period of the development of knowledge spillover network; 2） The networks are more like small-world networks at in ternational and national level, but at the Yangtze Delta level, the characteristics of networks are closed to ran dom network; 3 ） The spatial spillovers of knowledge are path dependence at international level, and mainly af fected by the social distance and organizational distance; 4）At the national level, the spatial distribution of net work present the trend from triangle form to diamond form. With the maturity of network, the influences of geographical distance gradually diminishing, on the contrary, the influences of social distance and organization al distance gradually strengthen; 5）At the regional level of the Yangtze Delta, the spatial distribution of net work appears three point and one line features, and geographical distance plays a significant impact at the re gional scale, which means knowledge spillovers not only follow the law of hierarchical diffusion, but also re flect the characteristics of distance decay.