欧盟法与国际法的冲突和协调——基于欧洲法院近期典型判例的诠释

Conflict and Reconciliation between EU Law and International Law:on the Recent Landmark Cases of the ECJ

欧盟的成立和运作一直以国际法为基础,且欧盟基础条约将"尊重和发展国际法"奉为欧盟对外行动的总体目标,以至于国际社会经常将欧盟视为国际法律秩序的"建构者"。但是,近年来欧洲法院作出的一系列涉及欧盟法和国际法冲突的裁决令国际社会疑窦丛生。欧洲法院基于维护欧盟法"自主性"的考虑,倾向于否认多边条约、或限制国际习惯法规则在司法审查中的作用。这些"内向型"的裁决虽然在欧盟法体系内并没有实质性地偏离以往的判例法,但由于涉及海洋环境保护、国际和平与安全,以及气候变化领域的核心多边公约和国际习惯法规则,欧盟尊重国际法的良好形象难免受到了一定程度的损害。为了协调欧盟法和国际法的冲突,欧洲法院未来不妨尝试依据"功能继承原则"、"实施原则"和"一致解释原则",扩大国际法在欧盟法律体系中的适用空间,以切实彰显其"尊重和发展国际法"的宪法定位。

The establishment and functioning of the EU has been founded on the international law,while ' strict observance and development of international law' is enshrined as one of the general objectives of EU external relations in the Treaties,which helps the EU win the fame of a ' constructive power' in the international legal order.However,the recent judgments of the ECJ tending to deny the effect of multilateral treaties or limit the roles of rules of customary international law caused doubts from the international society.Although those inward-looking rulings may be regarded as no substantial deviation from the established case law of the ECJ,when it comes to the international rules concerning maritime environment protection,international peace and security and climate change,the EU' s traditional reputation for respect for international law has inevitably been damaged.To reconcile the potential conflicts,the ECJ might as well try to expand the application of international law in the EU legal system in order to maintain the genuine respect for international law as one of its constitutional principles.