人权与国家权力的恩怨情仇——梁启超对自然权利观的继受和改造一论

Tensions and Conflicts between Human Rights and State Power——On Liang Qichao's Assimilation and Reformation of the Concept of Natural human rights

自然权利论者假定,在起源上,人权先于国家而存在,国家有义务尊重和保障人权,而不应侵犯人权或对人权施加不必要的限制,人权与国家之间存在着紧张和冲突,国家权力是人权最强大、最危险、最经常的敌人。梁启超基本接纳了"人权先于国家而存在"的假定,但对"人权不能被国家权力所侵犯或施加不必要的限制"、"国家权力是人权最强大、最危险、最经常的敌人"之类西方逻辑心存疑虑甚至断然拒绝,梁启超通过对自然权利关于人权和国家关系观点的接纳、吸收、批判和改造,实现了人权与国家关系的中国化论证。

Natural rights theory assumes that originally, human rights exist before the establishment of the state, therefore the state is bound to respect and protect human rights rather than violate or restrict the latter. Ten- sions and conflicts are found between the two parties and the state is considered the most powerful, most dangerous, and most constant enemy of human rights. Though acknowledging the assumption that＂ human rights exist before the establishment of the state＂, Liang Qichao questioned and rejected the western ideas that ＂state is bound to respect and protect human rights rather than violate or restrict the latter ＂ ,＂the state is considered the most powerful,most dangerous, and most constant enemy of human rights＂ . After critically reviewing and reforming natural rights theory , Liang Qichao achieved a Chinese version about the relationship between human rights and the state.