中国中西部大城市的职住平衡与通勤效率——以西安为例

Jobs-housing balance and commute efficiency in cities of central and western China:A case study of Xi'an

城市规划和政策若追求减少小汽车依赖,增加公共交通的吸引力和改善生活品质,职住平衡是当中不可忽视的问题、甚至是策略。既有职住平衡研究很少审视发展中的城市,尤其是中国西部城市。本文提出了影响职住平衡的6组因素,而职住平衡影响通勤效率。6组因素对于不同发展阶段的城市影响也不同。因此有必要辨识出影响发展中城市的具体因素以便改善其职住平衡和通勤效率。改善职住平衡和通勤效率有助于这些城市吸引人才和提高它们在交通机动性、生活品质和可持续方面的竞争力。利用2011年西安市居民交通调查的59967个样本,研究了该市的通勤效率、职住平衡和过剩通勤,并和其它国内外城市可比指标进行比较。本文发现西安平均通勤距离较短,通勤效率较高。从交通分析小区的水平,西安职工的平均通勤距离和工作岗位/居民数量和工作岗位总数成反比。当地单位大院的职住平衡和通勤效率较好,但正在降低。

Jobs-housing balance is an inevitable topic and even strategy in most urban plans and policies aimed at reducing car dependence, increasing public transportation＇s attractiveness and/or improving quality of life. Existing studies of jobs-housing balance have rarely focused on developing cities, in particular, those in central and western China. This manuscript proposes that there are six groups of factors affecting jobs-housing balance, which notably influence commute efficiency. Those factors exert different impacts on jobs-housing balance in cities at different development stages. There is need to single out specific factors influencing developing cities＇ jobs-housing balance so as to better improve their jobs-housing balance and commute efficiency. Improved jobs-housing balance and commute efficiency should help the developing cities gain advantages in terms of attracting and keeping talented workers and increasing their competitiveness in traffic mobility, quality of life and sustainability. Based on 59,967 samples of the 2011 Xi＇an City-Wide Household Travel Survey, this paper investigates the commute efficiency, jobs-housing balance and excess commute in Xi＇an. It also compares relevant indictors of Xi＇an with those in other Chinese and international cities whenever possible. It finds that Xi＇an has a shorter actual average commuting distance and higher commute efficiency than most other cities that have been studied in existing literature. Average commuting distance in Xi＇an is found to be negatively correlated to jobs-resident ratio and total number of employment. Danwei compounds in the city still have decent jobs-housing balance and commuting efficiency but this pattern is changing.