金代吏员俸禄及相关问题研究

Salary of Petty Oicials in Jin Dynasty and Related Issues

金是女真贵族建立的少数民族政权,从中央到地方几乎各级政府机构都设置有吏员,并形成了相对独立的吏员集团。金代吏员俸禄制度的形成、发展和废止与有金一代相始终,即伴随金政权的建立而形成,经历了浮动式俸禄和固定式俸禄两个发展阶段而终趋成熟,又随金亡而废止。金代吏员俸禄主要由正俸和补助两大类构成,发放范围涵盖了中央吏员和地方吏员,一般为按月发放。吏员所处机构不同,担任职务不同,其俸禄待遇也有所不同。同一层级的女真和汉人吏员的待遇是相同的。总体而言,金代吏员与职官的俸禄相差悬殊。金代吏员俸禄除制度性规定之外,还会根据实际情况不断地调整变化,表现为增俸、减俸以及半俸等,这种增减反映了金代对吏员俸禄的弹性管理方式。金代吏员俸禄制度的确立,为各层级吏员的经济收入提供了保障,对于维持国家机器的正常运转具有重要意义。

During the Jin dynasty, a regime established by Jurchen nobles, governments at both central and local levels had petty officials [liyuan], which formed a special social class. The salary system of petty officials was set up in the earlyJin and grew in maturity after the developments in floating and later fixed salaries. It was abolished with the fall of the dynasty. Salaries of central and local petty officials consisted of basic salary and subsidy; they were usually paid monthly and varied with institutions and positions; salaries for Jurchen and Han petty officials at the same level were the same; generally speaking, salaries of officials and petty officials varied considerably. The management of petty officials＇ salary shows much flexibility, as it could be increased, reduced or halved in different situations. Such a salary system provided petty officials with income and played an important role in supporting the regime.