道德推理的复杂性及其类型差异

The Complexity of Moral Reasoning and Its Types

作为一种基本的理性能力,推理是人对必然或可能的事物由一个或几个已知的判断作出新判断(结论)的过程。对必然事物的判断构成事实推理,对所意愿事物的判断构成价值推理即实践推理;事实推理以万物循以产生的规律为基础,实践推理以万物应循以产生的规律为前提。而在实践推理的域限内,有以追求快乐和幸福为目的的实践推理,可称之为价值性的实践推理;有以考量观念和行为正当性为旨归的实践推理,可称之为有关正当性的实践推理,即道德推理。道德推理是德性论的重要组成部分,既是善恶观念的充分运用,又是实践智慧的充分显现。道德推理可能表现于行为的动机、过程和结果中,但其自身则是观念性的活动。道德推理可能伴随着情感体验,但其自身却是理性化的过程。在不同的社会生活语境下,道德推理的适用范围和运行方式是不同的。

Reasoning is a process in which new judgment is made including factual reasoning, practical reasoning and so on. Practical reasoning may be called moral reasoning when judgment about idea and proper conduct is made. Moral reasoning involves in the ideas of good and evil, which reflects the practical wisdom. This reasoning can appear in the motivation, process and resuh, but it is an action of idea. Further, this reasoning accompanies personal experience, but it is a process of reason. In different social contexts, moral reasoning is different in its operation and range.