项羽与“布衣王侯之局”——兼论秦汉之际的社会阶层变动

From Roughscuff to Upper Class——On Social Stratum Changes in Qin and Han Dynasties

西周世卿世禄制度在春秋战国之世逐渐被诸侯国实施的功勋授爵制度所取代,"封侯"成为社会各阶层的普遍愿望。秦国商鞅变法,所颁二十等爵制中多有以功勋授爵之爵级。反秦战争爆发后,陈胜以"黔首"自立为王,激起了社会各阶层对"封王"的渴望。随后项羽分封,不论出身,只论军功,自"西楚霸王"而下所封王、侯中多有平民,此即所谓"布衣王侯之局"。刘邦在与项羽的对抗过程中,因以弱敌强之形势所迫,不得不继续分封王、侯以争揽人才,韩信、彭越等遂以布衣封王。楚汉战争结束时,刘邦一方"布衣王侯之局"已成,受封王侯者治国理政,终开赵翼所谓"汉初布衣将相之局"。

West Zhou Shiqing Shilu system has gradually been States implefnentation exploits knighting system instead of in the spring and autumn and Warring States period, ＂Fenghou＂ become a common aspiration oT all sectors of society. Qin Shang Yang s reform, given the twenty rank system in more meritorious to was knightedin. After the outbreak of the war of anti Qin, C.hen Shengin the. common people＂ self-reliance is king, aroused thesocial desire tot ＂King＂. Xiang Yu Then Herod, regardless of origin, only on the military, since the ＂West Cht~ overlord＂ and the king, hou many civilians, which is called the ＂Prince of the-Bureau of cloth＂. Liu Bang and Xiang Yu confrontation process, due to the weak against the strong situation, continue to Herod, King Hou Yizhengtake a person, Han Xin Peng Yue and so on were commoner king. As at the end of the war, Liu Bang a ＂commoner Raja office＇ has become the＇kings. who wasgoverning the country, eventually open Zhao Yi＇ commoner generals and ministers of the Bureau of the early Han dynasty＂.