美国宪法第四修正案视野下机场安检行为分析

Analysis on the Airport Security Check from the Perspective of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

美国联邦宪法第四修正案规定:个人的人身、住宅、文件和财产不受不合理搜查和扣押。机场安检涉及扫描、拍身及对人身自由的限制,在没有获得令状的情况下,是否违反了第四修正案的要求。美国法院在一些重要的判例中,采用了Terry原则、同意例外、边境检查及行政检查等令状主义的例外理论,对机场安检行为合宪性进行不同角度的分析。这些研究及判例可用于分析中国机场安检的正当性与安检新措施的选择。

According to the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, the right of the people to be se- cure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated. However, Screening, frisks and restricting physical body freedom are common measures of airport security check. So, there is a question whether such measures without a warrant violate the requirement of the Fourteenth Amendment. American courts used Terry rule, agreement exception, border search and administrative search exception to analysis airport security check in several important cases. All those cases and principles studied in America also can be used to analyze the legitimacy of security check and for choosing new measures in domestic airports.