基本权的制度性保障探析

Analysis of the Institutional Protection for Fundamental Rights

宪法是制度之法,立宪者将重要制度纳入宪法保障范围,以维护宪法秩序和支撑宪法之生命。而制度性保障作为德国基本权利理论的一项新功能,在宪法秩序中作为一种"价值"而存在。制度性保障可分为"非结合基本权利的制度性保障"和"与基本权利密切相关的制度性保障"两个描述性面向:前者表现为古典自由权,用于保障传统的、既存的制度,要求立法者不得废止该制度的核心,但可以就该制度的非核心部分进行规制;后者则更多突显为"客观法"意义,要求国家不仅要遵循"核心内容保障"原则,还要为立法者指明立法的价值取向,作为一种"价值"而存在。制度性保障的理论分析架构对我国相关制度及基本权释义具有借鉴意义。

The Constitution is the law for institutions, and the legislators incorporated important institutions into the constitutional protection system so as to safeguard the constitutional order and support the constitutional life. Institutional protection, as a new function in German theory of fundamental tights, exists as a ＂value＂ in the constitutional order. Insti- tutional protection can be divided into two descriptive facets： ＂institutional protection without being bound with fundamental fights＂ and ＂institutional protection closed related to fundamental tights＂. The former is represented as classical liberty for the protection of traditional and existing system, requiting that legislators shall not nullify the core of such institutions, yet the non-core parts can be regulated. The latter displays more significance of ＂objective law＂, requiting that the nation shall not only abide by the principles of ＂protection for core content＂, but point out the value orientation for legislators as a value existence. The theoretical analysis and framework of institutional protection is of reference value for China＇s institutional building and interpretation of fundamental rights.