对名家及名学的重新认识

Re-understanding the Schools of Names and the Theory of Names

20世纪名学研究既有巨大的成就,也有严重的偏差,这种偏差在于将对"名"自身(语言结构、论述方式、思维方式)的研究和对"名"功能(伦理功用、政治作用)的研究混为一谈。无论从思想史实际情况看,还是从后世对"名家"的定义看,都显然存在着两种"名家",语言学逻辑学意义上的、从事"事实判断"的名家远没有政治学伦理学意义上的、注重"价值判断"的名家影响大,后者对前者的否定要远多于继承,如果对两种"名家"没有明确的区分,不以此为研究问题的出发点,那么,"名家"研究就很容易走上歧路。

Great achievements as well as serious deviations have been made in the study of the theory of Names. The deviations lie in confusing the study of Names itself （the structure of languages, the way of discussion and thinking） with that of the function of Names （ethical functions and political impact）. It is obvious that there are two different ＂Schools of Names＂ either from the actual situation of intellectual history or from the definitions of ＂the School of Names＂ made by later scholars. And ＂the School of Names＂ in the sense of logic and linguistics which focuses on factual judgment hasn＇t so much influence as the School in the sense of ethics and politics which concentrates on value judgment. The latter is more negation of the former than inheritance. If clear differentiation isn＇t made between the two Schools of Names and it is not set as a starting point of research, the study of Names is vulnerable to go astray.