晚清洋货流行与市民运动兴起——从义和团到抵制美货运动

The Popularity of Foreign Goods in Late Qing and the Rise of Modern Citizen Movements ——From the Movement of Yi Hetuan to American Goods Boycott

近代社会转型的一个重要标志是近代市民运动兴起。晚清洋货日益流行形成洋货"共同市场",将销售和消费的广大商民连为一体。"洋货"对民众具有便利生活与外国掠夺的双重意义,义和团运动首次将洋货作为"外国罪恶"的负面符号凸显于社会,又因销毁洋货的暴力排外方式而不被市民所接受。1905年由上海商民团体发起,蔓延至全国,商界、学界、女界广泛参与的"抵制美货"运动,是中国近代第一次市民抵抗运动。商业市场网络与社会运动网络的重合,说明洋货流行所形成的"共同市场",具有某种社会"公共空间"的意义与职能。在"不用美货"的社会舆论中,出现了"民权说"、"义务说"、"女权说"、"文明抵制说"等论题,并借助运动的声势而广泛传播,民众从中得到思想观念的启蒙。商民们采取市场手段的"文明抵制",有别于义和团销毁洋货的暴力抵抗,这也正是"共同市场"为人们提供了和平主张权利的渠道和"文明规则"。民众在抵制美货运动中所体悟的民权意识的觉醒,实则是他们在"共同市场"消费生活中"市场规则"在社会生活中的投影。洋货流行造成的洋货"公共市场",及由此形成的社会"公共空间",是近代市民运动兴起的一个重要基础。

The rise of modern citizen movements is an important sign of transformation of modem society. In late Qing, the popularity of foreign goods gave birth to the ＂common market＂ which combined the merchants and consumers. ＂Foreign goods＂, which had double meanings including facilitating people and foreign robbery, was not widely accepted by Chinese citizens. For example, the Movement of Yi Hetuan regarded foreign goods as ＂foreign evil＂ and took violence xenophobia to destroy foreign goods for the first time. In 1905, the ＂American Goods Boycott＂ which was started by Shanghai merchant group, widely supported by the business, academic, ladies circles and spread to the whole country was the first citizen resistance movement in modem China. The conjunction of business market and social movements indicates that the ＂common market＂ has some meaning and function as a ＂public room＂ in society. Among the public voices such as ＂not using American goods＂, the opinions such as ＂Civil Rights＂, ＂Obligations＂, ＂feminism＂, ＂Civilization Resistance＂ emerged, transmitted, and enlightened Chinese people. The ＂ Civilization Resistance＂ with market means by merchants is different from violence resistance such as Yi Hetuan＇s destroying foreign goods; it is the civil roles brought by common market which provides people a channel to assert rights peaceably. The civil rights awareness enlightened during American goods boycott was the projection of civil roles in consumer lives in the common market. The common market and public room in the society together provided important bases to the rise of modem citizen movements.