混合政体观下的分权制衡——对美国式民主的再探析

Decentralization and balance frame under the concept of regime of mixture:A re-analysis on the Democracy of America

古典混合政体思想强调不同社会阶层之间的相互制约,现代分权制衡理论主张权力之间的分立制衡。无论是古典混合政体还是现代分权制衡,最终目的都在于实现权力的均衡。两者之分野仅在于,前者是古代政治思想家从实证的角度,从人与人之间、不同阶层之间真实的相互往来与影响的过程中发掘出的政治智慧,后者则是前者在资产阶级革命时期经意识形态化后的哲学表述,旨在淡化人、阶级、阶层等实体形象,维护人民主权与社会契约的逻辑前提。美利坚合众国按照分权制衡理论构造出三权分立政体,追根溯源,本质上不过是古典混合政体的临摹,因而有别于民主政体。言民主必提美国,言美国必曰民主,实则是对美国政体的一种误读。

The classical political concept of mixed regime thought emphasizes the mutual restriction between different social classes, modem idea of decentralization and balance frame proposes the separation and balance among different kinds of powers. Both of the concepts above aim at realizing the balance of power, the divergence between them lies in that the former concept is a political wisdom concluded from the empirical view on the relationship between person and person, the interaction and influence among different classes, while the latter is a political philosophy achieved from the ideological mixed regime thought during the bourgeois revolution period, intending to omit the entity image of people, classes, status etc., maintaining the logical premises of sovereignty of the people and social contract. The United States of America constructs the separation of powers system according to the separation of powers theory; it can be traced back to the classical theory of mixed regime, which is quite different from the democratic regime. Therefore, the notion that equals the democracy with the political system is a misreading of American political system.