2Herbert Kitschelt, Zdenka Mansfeldova, Radoslav Markowski and Gabor Toka. Post communist Party Systems(Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999),p.1.
3Robert Michel, Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracies (New York, Press,1962).
4See Richard Sakwa: Russian Politics and Society(Third Edition), 2002 London and New York,p.185.
5See Richard Sakwa: Russian Politics and Society(Third Edition), 2002 London and New York,p. 166.
6See Richard Sakwa: Russian Politics and Society(Third Edition), 2002 London and New York,p. 184.
7See Richard Sakwa:Russian Politics and Society(Third Edition), 2002 London and New York,p. 191.
8Cf. Michael Waller, Political Actors and political Roles in East-Central Europe, The Journal of Communist Studies,Vol. 9, No. 4 (December 1993), pp. 21-36.
9See Geoffrey Evans and Stephen Whitefield,Social and Ideological Cleavage Formation in Post- communist Hungary,Europe Asia Studies, Vol. 47, No. 7 (1995), pp. 1177-1204.
10Jean Blondel, Comparative Government : An Introduction(Hemel hempstead ,Simon & Schuster,1990) ,part Ⅱ.
