中国小麦条锈病综合治理理论与实践

Integrated Management of Wheat Stripe Rust Caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici in China

小麦条锈病是影响小麦安全生产的重要生物灾害。文中介绍了全国小麦锈病工作者通过60多年通力协作,对小麦条锈病综合治理理论和技术研究取得的显著成绩,系统揭示了中国小麦条锈病的越冬、越夏规律、菌源传播规律、病菌致病性变异途径以及品种抗病性"丧失"的规律与原因,发现中国小麦条锈病存在秋季菌源和春季菌源2大菌源基地。提出了"综合治理越夏异变区、持续控制冬季繁殖区和全面预防春季流行区"的病害源头治理策略,研发出小麦条锈病分子诊断、异地测报以及抗锈良种、药剂拌种、退麦改种、适期晚种和带药侦查、打点保面等一系列病害监测预警和关键防治技术,构建了以生物多样性利用为核心的中国小麦条锈病菌源基地综合治理技术体系,在生产上大规模推广应用,防病保产效果极其显著。文中并对病菌致病性变异机制、早期预警和越夏易变区生态治理等问题进行了讨论。

Wheat stripe （yellow） rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici （Pst） is an important disaster in wheat production. A great deal of effort has been spent on the strategies and techniques of integrated management of wheat stripe rust for over six decades by a teamwork nationwide in China. It has been fully revealed that the over-summering and over-wintering areas of Pst inter-regional dispersal of inoculum, the way of virulence variation, and breakdown causation of wheat cultivar resistance. Based on the geographical conditions, wheat growth, occurrence and dispersal of disease etc, wheat stripe rust in China can be divided into three major zones, namely the autumn sources of inocula, the spring sources of inocula, and spring epidemic areas. A major strategy of headstream management has been put forward, i.e. ＇integrated management of wheat stripe rust in the sources of inocula to protect wheat safe plantation in the whole country. A series of effective measures for the forecast and control of disease has been developed, which include the molecular diagnosis of stripe rust, remote wide forecast, improving cultivar resistance, changing cultivation crops, regulating sowing date, seed-dressing with fungicides, and spraying fungicides at the initial stage of disease, etc. According to the epidemic rules of wheat stripe rust, the integrated management systems based on the biodiversity have been set up in the areas ofinoculum sources of Pst, respectively, which have been widely applied in wheat production resulting in the sustainable control of wheat stripe rust epidemics and remarkably economic efficiency. In this paper, it was also proposed as the priority that variation mechanism of pathogen virulence, development of early forecast system and the ecological control measures of disease in the areas of inoculum sources of wheat stripe rust in the near future.