民国时期广州市建成区主体建筑立体形态的恢复及其特征

Urban Spatial Morphology of Guangzhou's Built-Up Area in the Period of the Republic of China

基于1928年1﹕10 000的地形图,解译土地利用类型,确定建成区边界与建筑用地的空间范围。将建筑用地分为单体建筑、线状道路两侧的骑楼和面状同类建筑区3类。根据史料与现场调查,分别为点、线、面3类建筑的高度赋值,恢复不考虑海拔的建成区主体建筑立体形态。基于所建模型,从平面形态、平均高度、空间格局、宽高比、高度轴、天际线以及形态组合几方面对民国时期建成区立体形态特征进行分析归纳,得出如下结论:1)民国时期广州城市沿珠江发展使得城区轮廓呈狭长的带状;2)城市平均高度仅为6.07 m,建筑物普遍低矮;3)建筑物在平面上为多级的棋盘网组合,而骑楼街构成的宽浅网格,成为当时空间尺度最大的建筑单元组合形态;4)道路宽度与两侧建筑物高度形成的宽高比大,城市具有较好的通透性;5)沿江西路与当时的城市中轴线中山纪念堂―市府合署大楼构成了倒"T"型城市空间高度轴,并在单体建筑高度空间分布与天际线的变化上得到很好的反映;6)城市立体形态主要由盆地、格网、谷地、台地等4种宽浅的单元组成。立体形态深层次上反映了当时生产力技术条件下政府与市场力量的综合作用,以及城市功能区分化在立体形态上的表现,从而也成为该时期华南地区依山傍水城市立体形态的重要标志。

With the 1：10 000 topographic map of Guangzhou in 1928,the land types,built-up area and scope of urban building land were determined,and the construction land was divided into three categories,which were single building,arcade streets,and blocks.According to historic data and field investigation,a 2D model of built-up area was reconstructed by giving different value to the three categories without considering the altitude.The flat pattern,mean height,spatial pattern,aspect ratio,skyline and urban morphology of Guangzhou was studied.The conclusions were drawn as follows： 1） In 1928,Guangzhou’s built-up area was 17.77 km2and the city’s shape was elongated along the Pearl River.2） Most buildings were short and their average height just was 6.07 m.3） The flat pattern was built in multi-level blocks and arcades streets with high aspect ratio,which were the largest combination of buildings in Guangzhou.4） The roads with high aspect ratio provided plenty of natural ventilation.5） Not only the height of single buildings but also the skyline reflected well that the height distribution presented a reverse T shape composed of the Yanjiang Road West along the Pearl River and the city central axis from Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall to Municipal offices building.6） Basin,block,valley and terrace were the basic elements for Guangzhou’s urban spatial morphology.Guangzhou’s spatial morphology not only reflected urban functional areas and the combination of productivity and market in the period of the Republic of China but also became a typical representative of the cities surrounded by hills and rivers in South China.