国外学前儿童入学准备:危险因素与保护因素

Preschool Children's School Readiness:Risk and Protective Factors

以1992～2012年间发表的47篇英文文献为研究对象,使用半量化分析方法,全面分析影响学前儿童入学准备的危险因素和保护因素.结果发现：（1）在人口学与生物学变量中,年龄、种族（白人）是学前儿童入学准备的保护因素,出生体重过高/低是学前儿童入学准备的危险因素.（2）在儿童认知、情绪和行为变量中,执行功能、抑制控制、注意控制、早期计算和言语技能是保护因素,冲动性是危险因素.（3）在家庭环境变量中,高社会经济地位、高母亲受教育水平、父母职业、权威型教养方式、母亲敏感性、亲子互动、父母卷入、良好的家庭学习环境、适度的父母指导是保护因素;专制型教养方式、母亲育儿压力是危险因素.（4）在幼儿园变量中,儿童课堂参与、师幼互动、同伴互动是保护因素;课堂过于安静或活跃是危险因素.（5）社区环境变量中,高收入与高就业率、安全性高的社区和正规学前看护中心是保护因素.

This paper, based on 47 English-language articles published between 1992 and 2012, aims to ex- plore the risk and protective factors that have an effect on preschool children＇s school readiness. The results show the following： （1） in the demographic and biological variables, age and ethnicity （whites and non-immigrants） are protective factors of preschool children, and high/low birth weight is a risk factor; （2） in the cognitive, emo- tional, and behavioral variables, executive functions, inhibitory control, attention control, early calculation and language skills are protective factors, and impulsivity is a risk factor; （3） in family-based variables, high eco- nomic status, a high level of the mother＇s educational background, the parents＇ jobs, the authoritative parenting style, the mother＇s sensitivity, the parent-child interaction, the parents＇ involvement, a good family environment of learning, and proper guidance from the parents are protective factors; the authoritarian parenting style and the mother＇s parenting stress are risk factors; （4） in the kindergarten-based variables, class participation, the teach- er-ehild interaction, and peer interaction are protective factors, and underaetive/overactive behavior is a risk fac- tor; and （5） in the community-based variables, high income, high employment rate, a high level of safety, and a formal preschool care center are protective factors.