农村面源污染治理的“4R”理论与工程实践——水环境生态修复技术

Reduce-Retain-Reuse-Restore Technology for the Controlling the Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution in Countryside in China:Eco-Restoration Technology

当前,我国农村水体普遍污染严重,作为农村面源污染治理技术体系中的最后一环,农村水环境生态修复技术的实施具有十分重要的现实意义。本文在自己已有工作的基础上,总结和梳理了国内外适合我国农村的水环境生态修复技术,并分别按技术原理进行了阐述。研究表明,其中的生态浮床技术具有投资少、见效快、管理方便等优点,是一种行之有效的水体原位生态修复技术,尤其是采用水稻等能产生经济效益的植物作为浮床植物,不仅可以改善水质,其收益也能补偿部分投资成本;水生植物恢复技术是提高水体自净能力、恢复水生态系统结构和功能的必然选择,按照目标要求进行水生植物恢复,可以有效降低水体污染物浓度,促进水生态系统良性发展;以土壤生物工程为主的生态护坡技术适合我国农村河道的边坡修复,河岸植被群落能够得到良好恢复,坡岸土壤侵蚀和农业面源污染均能得到有效控制。生态修复技术的应用需与生态拦截技术和养分利用技术相协调,要以不同功能和目标需求为导向,注重采用组合技术工艺进行修复,以提高水环境生态修复的效果。

At present, rural water body in China is seriously polluted in general. The rural water environment ecological restoration, as the last step of non-point source pollution control technology system, has vital practical significance. In this paper, on the basis of previous work, ru- ral water environment ecological restoration technologies at home and abroad were concluded and their technical principles were expounded. Some important conclusions were found, firstly, ecological floating bed technology is an effective water ecological restoration technology in situ with advantages of less investment, faster effect, and easier management. Especially the use of rice or other plants which can produce e- conomic benefts as floating bed plants, not only can improve water quality, but also compensate for part of the investment cost. In addition, aquatic plants restoration technology is inevitable choice to improve self-purification capacity of water bodies and restored structure and function of aquatic ecosystem. Aquatic plants restoration, in accordance with the objectives and requirements, can reduce the concentration of pollutants in water effectively and promote water ecosystems development healthily. Finally, ecological revetment technologies, mainly the soil bioengineering, are suitable for rural river slope restoration, which could result in good recovery of the riparian vegetation and effective controlling of sloping shore erosion and agricultural non-point source pollution. The application of ecological restoration technologies can be combined with ecological interception technologies and nutrient utilization technologies. To meet different functions requirement and restora- tion objectives, integrated application of these technologies can improve the effectiveness of ecological restoration of water environment.