建国初期高等教育从自主招生到统一招生的发展述论

On Development from Self-determined Admission to Unified Recruitment in Higher Education Soon after the Establishment of New China

新中国成立之初,国内各高校基本上通过自主招生方式延揽生源,随着政权的变更,国家教育指导方针的转变,高等教育环境的变化等原因,统一招生逐渐取而代之,成为主流。1949至1951年,由国家主导,顺利进行了统一招生的实验。1952至1954年,高等教育实施全国统一招生的格局开始形成。同时,对实行自主招生还是统一招生,从政策探讨到实践举措,持续出现了不同的争论。1958年失败的变革之后,统一招生的格局才最终得以确立。

Soon after the establishment of New China, almost all the colleges and universities in this country recruited students through self-determined admission. However, with the changes in political powers, national education guidelines and the environment for higher education, recruitment through a national unified entrance exam became the major way, taking the place of self-determined admission. A series of experiments on unified recruitment, guided by the Chinese government, were implemented successfully from 1949 to 1951. And recruitment through a national unified entrance exam was commonly adopted in higher education from 1952 to 1954. Meanwhile, hot debates persisted over policy-making and concrete measures for either self-determined admission or recruitment through a national unified entrance exam. It was only after the unsuccessful reform in 1958 that the latter was commonly adopted.