西方文学研究的“伦理转向”——功能类型及研究焦点

The “Ethical Turn” in Western Literary Research——Function Types and Research Focuses

自20世纪70年代以来,西方学术界在研究范式上出现了文学研究的"伦理转向"。"伦理转向"经历了两个发展阶段:第一阶段主要在文学的范畴内探讨伦理与艺术形式的关系和表征;第二阶段体现为文学研究与文化研究的融合,实现了文学研究范式从文化实证主义向文化实用主义的转变。文学伦理学研究作为一种批评方法,自被推出以来备受争议和质疑,分歧主要存在于以马克思主义学派为代表的伦理政治论和以韦恩·布斯为代表的伦理普遍论之间。文学的伦理功能也被相应地分为政治伦理功能和生活伦理功能。文学伦理学研究的焦点经历了以政治和生活为导向的批评实践,发展到文学叙事伦理,并延伸到文学伦理精神的普世性的研究路径。文学伦理学研究体现了一种兼容性和多维性的特点,有效地拓展了人文精神的空间。

Since the 1970s,an'ethical turn'in literary research paradigm has emerged among western academic circles,which has undergone two phases:the focus of the first phase is the relations between ethics and artistic forms and their representations in the domain of literature;the second phase displays a new paradigm of the coalescence between literary research and cultural research,carrying out the transformation of literary paradigm from the culture of positivism to the culture of pragmatism.Literary ethical research has undergone controversies and disputes since it was applied as a critical approach.The divergence mainly lies between ethical politics represented by the Marxists and ethical universalism represented by Wayne C.Booth.Correspondingly,the literary ethical functions are divided into the political ethical function and the life ethical function.The focuses of the literary ethical research take a route from politics and life-oriented critical practice to literary narrative ethics,and then into the universality of the literary ethical spirit.The literary ethical research demonstrates the features of compatibility and multi-dimensions, effectually opening up the spheres of the humanistic pursuit.