西晋时期的地方军府与州府

Local Military Government and State in Western Jin Dynasty

魏晋南北朝时期以军府为核心的军事行政体制逐步楔入国家行政体制,军事行政体制侵蚀民政,出现以"军"代"民"的情况。在这一转变过程中,西晋实为关键时期。西晋武帝时期,军府制度先后经过两次重大改革:一是都督制与封王制度相配合;二是罢州郡兵。平吴之后,晋武帝改革的重点在于军政分途,逐步恢复汉代地方制度,即刺史负责监察,民事由郡国守相管理,军事主要由都督负责。西晋后期,政局动荡,地方军权和行政权相互渗透,重新出现军政高度合一的态势,导致都督之权极度扩张,出现了多州都督与郡都督,都督区域的盈缩变化表明了都督本身军政职能与权力的变化。西晋末期,刺史加将军号拥有军权,都督也领刺史而有相当之行政权,拥有军事实力的都督,可以选置刺史、郡太守这一级别的行政官员。都督制度的变化对东晋南朝军制的影响十分深远。

During Wei, Jin, South and North Dynasties, the military government, as the core of military administrative system, gradually wedged into the national administrative system and the military administrative relations erode civil affairs, even resulted in the situation that the armies replaced the citizens. The Western Jin Dynasty is a critical period in the process of this transformation. There were two important reforms on military government in Emperor Wu period of Western Jin Dynasty. One is the coordination between the governor system and the king system, the other is the abolition of soldiers of county. After conquering Wu state, Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty put emphasis of his reform on the military division, and gradually returned to the local system of Han Dynasty, namely the provincial governor was responsible for monitoring, and the county officials were in charge of civil affairs while the governor took responsibility for military. It was of much political turmoil in the late Western Jin Dynasty. There is much mutual penetration between local military and administrative power, which led to the reemergence of a high degree of unity of the military and politics. In addition, it caused the extreme expansion of governor right, the multi-state governor and county governor. The change of military re- gion indicated the change of the functions and powers of the military itself. During the late Western Jin Dynas- ty, the general and provincial governor had powerful military, while the governor is in charge of provincial gov- ernor and had administrative power to a degree. The governor who had military power could choose people to be provincial governor, county officials and other administrative officials of the same level. The change of governor system had a profound influence on the military legal system of Eastern .lin and Southarn ~vna^ti~