从王艮到黄宗羲——试论中国启蒙思潮的产生和演变

From Wang Gen to Huang Zongxi—On the Origin and Evolution of Enlightenment Thoughts in China

以人文主义为特点的中国启蒙思想始于明中叶以后,其发起者主要为泰州学派创始者王艮。他以"心即理"、"百姓日用即道"、"大人造命"、"安身立本"、"注脚六经"等命题,论述了人文主义思想。此后,李贽将"心即道"发展为"童心说",将注脚六经演变为粪土六经,严重地冲击了封建的文化专制主义。他又提出私欲即天理的思想,使人文主义向纵深发展。清初,黄宗羲在承认私欲的基础上,主张合天下私欲以为公欲的公私结合的人欲观,并以此为思想基础来筑构他的"大壮盛世"的政治制度,从而对近代的先进人士起了重要的启蒙作用。

The enlightenment thoughts originated after the middle of the Ming dynasty and one of the main thinkers is Wang Gen,founder of the Taizhou School, who advocated his humanism by such concepts as ＂heart is the way＂, ＂the way is what the people use＂ and so on. Then, from ＂heart is the way＂, Li Zhi developed a theory of ＂tong xin＂, a severe opposition to the feudal cultural totalitarianism. In the early Qing dynasty, Huang Zongxi advocated the combination of the public desire and private desire and on this foundation he established his political System of a ＂perfect world＂, a theory that made great enlightening impact on people with advanced thoughts on modern times.