中国草地主要有毒植物及其防控技术

Poisonous Weeds in Chinese Grassland and Control Technology

草原是我国牧区居民生存与发展的基础。近些年来,由于人为和自然因素,草地退化日趋严重,对畜牧业可持续发展造成很大影响。草地毒草化是草地退化的一个重要特征。本文综述了我国天然草地主要毒草的种类与分布,以及毒草防控技术的发展现状。中国草地约有有毒植物140科,1300种;其中危害严重的23种,主要为疯草(黄芪属(Astragalus sp.)和棘豆属(Oxytropis sp.)毒草)、醉马草(Achnatherum inebrians)和狼毒(Stellera chamaejasme)。这些毒草在我国主要的温带天然草地青海、西藏、新疆和内蒙古均有分布,造成的损失约占整个畜牧业损失的80%。有效控制毒草蔓延和灾害的发生,恢复草地生态系统是关键,这需要构建以生态治理为核心、化学和机械防控为补充的毒草灾害综合防控技术体系。

Natural grassland is the survival and development basis of inhabitant in pastoral areas. In recent years, grassland degradation resulted from human factors and subsequent natural factors have posed a threat to the sustainable development of animal husbandry. Poisonous：weeds growth grassland is an impor- tant index of grassland degradation. The category and distribution of poisonous weeds, the situation of in- tegrated control and the reasonable utilization of poisonous weeds were summarized in this paper. The 1300 species of poisonous plants （140 families） were found in China, in which 23 species caused serious damage to livestock industry. The locoweeds （species of Oxytropis and Astragalus）, Stellera charnaejas- me and drunken horse grass （Achnatherum inebrians） of 23 species were mainly distributed in Qinghai, Ti- bet, Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia where were the main grassland regions of China, and their damage to livestock industry accounted for 80% of all livestock losses in the temperate grasslands of China. There- fore, the restoration of grassland ecosystem is a key of effective poisonous plant control. It is necessary to establish a technical system of integrated poisonous weed management, including an ecological manage- ment, chemical and mechanical removal.