费希特统一实践理性与理论理性的尝试——基于《全部知识学的基础》的研究

Fichte's Attempt at Unifying the Practical and the Theoretical Reason: A Study of Fichte's Grundlage der gesammten Wissenschaftslehre

康德哲学虽然恢复了人在其生活世界中的立法者地位,但仍面临着实践理性与理论理性的统一问题。赖因霍尔德有关哲学作为严格的科学应植基于一个最高原理之上的思想深刻地影响了费希特,费希特对康德哲学展开体系化重塑以统一实践理性与理论理性的尝试,正是以寻获自身学思体系的最高原理为前提的。在《全部知识学的基础》中,费希特基于对形式与内容关系的深刻理解,运用反思和抽除的方法对人的意识活动展开先验还原,最终获致了那作为哲学最高原理的"本原行动"———自在之"自我"。自我的自相同一的内在本质赋予其在现实的创设活动中以一种自我眷顾、自我静观的"反思"性状,"反思"构成费希特由"绝对自我"演绎"实践自我"和"理论自我",并据此构筑整个知识学体系的内在理路。费希特正是借助于"反思"概念阐明了实践自我与理论自我系同一瞬间自我创设活动的两种不同状态,两者间存在着一种既相区别又相依存的关系,从而实现了知识学语境下实践理性与理论理性的统一。

Though the Kantian philosophy has restored man' s status as the legislator of his life world,it has left a problem unresolved, namely the unification of the practical and the theoretical reason. Deeply influenced by Reinhold' s idea that philosophy as a strict science should be based upon a single first principle,Fichte sets out to reform the Kantian philosophy systematically and unify the practical and the theoretical reason by obtaining the first principle of his own philosophical system,the Wissenschaftslehre. In the Grundlage der gesammten Wissenschaftslehre,Fichte successfully reaches the supreme principle of philosophy,the Act( Thathandlung) or the absolute I,by applying transcendental reduction to man's empirical consciousness through reflection and abstraction,which is based upon his profound understanding of the relationship between form and content. The self-identity of the absolute I endows the I in its actual activity of positing with an essential property of 'reflection',which makes the I always a self-referential being when positing. Indeed it is the concept of 'reflection'that constitutes the logical clue running through Fichte's development of'the absolute I','the practical I'and'the theoretical I',by means of which he manages to build up the whole system of Wissenschaftslehre. 'Reflection'is thus the key concept by means of which Fichte elucidates that the practical I and the theoretical I only represent the two states of the same positing I and are both distinguished from and dependent upon each other,thus unifying the practical and the theoretical reason successfully.