美国国家公园体系规划与评价研究——以自然类型国家公园为例

Study on the U.S. National Park System Plan and Assessment——Taking National Parks of Natural History Categories as the Examples

20世纪70—80年代,美国取得了一批国家公园体系评价和规划的成果,包括国家公园管理局(NPS)、国家公园和保护区协会(NPCA)及相关学者的研究。这些研究的目的是从宏观层面对已日趋成熟的美国国家公园体系进行总结和反思,以引导未来的发展。首先对美国国家公园体系规划与评价的发展历程进行概述,其次重点分析了自然类型国家公园体系评价与规划的相关步骤与内容,包括自然区域和主题的划分、加权,重要性和充分代表性评价,以及通过对数据进行纵向、横向和叠加分析及排序来识别保护空缺等。这批成果距今虽已过去40年,但从思路和方法上对我国当前自然遗产保护体系的完善仍具一定借鉴意义。

During 1970s and 80s, several U.S. National Park system plan and assessment works have been finished. The main objectives of these products are to make systematic review, evaluation and anticipation for the future of U.S. National Parks from the macro scale. This paper firstly summarizes the progress of U.S. National Park system plan and assessment, then taking National Parks of Natural History categories as examples, stresses on the procedure and content of system plan and assessment, specifically including the methods to classify the natural history themes and natural regions, to assess numerical value and combined values tbr significance and the adequacy of representation, and also by vertical, horizontal and overlay analysis and assess to identify the gaps. Although these works were done 40 year ago, it is still helpful for the current protection of natural heritage system of China.