汉语中的互文类型

The Types of Intertextuality in Chinese

目前偏向篇章的西方互文性理论研究产生了丰硕的成果,而偏向词、短语和句子的中国传统互文理论研究相对较少。其实,中国传统互文理论中的互文类型远远比我们想象的复杂。通过对传统互文进行重新定义和形式化标记,结合现代汉语和古代汉语各种语料进行穷尽性分析,可以发现汉语至少存在22种不同类型的互文现象,不仅包括语义的互渗,还包括语义的激发、删除以及多层次的互文。

At present, the western intertextuality theory, which focuses on discourse, is applied to a variety of academic fields including movies, news, literature, advertisement and so on; while the Chinese traditional intertextuality theory, which focuses on words, phrases, and sentences, could hardly be applied to other academic fields rather than linguistics. Compared with the application and development of the Western intertextuality theory, the Chinese traditional intertextuality theory is declining. However, the Chinese traditional intertextuality theory could be fruitful if it is further developed by thorough and detailed study on the types of intertextuality based on the corpus of the modern Chinese and the archaic Chinese. The Chinese traditional intertextuality theory considers the intertextuality as ＂ symmetry structure which can be understood completely and correctly by semantic projection, inspiration and even omission between the former and latter language units. ＂ According to the definition, this paper finds 22 types of intertextuality in Chinese. Four major types are illustrated below in detail： Type 1 is ＂X1 X2, Y1 Y2--X1 X2Y2 ,Y1 X2 Y2 ,＂ which means that the semantic information of Y2 projects onto X2X2, and the semantic information of X2 projects onto Y1Y2 simultaneously. For example, in the sentence ＂qin shi （X1） ruing yue （X2）, han shi （Y1） guan （Y2） （literally, the bright moon in the Qin dynasty and the frontier in the Han dynasty）＂ from a classical Chinese poetry, ＂qin shi（X1）ming yue（X2）＂ and ＂ban shi（Y1）guan（Y2）＂ are symmetry structures.According to the interpretation of intertextuality, this symmetry structure means ＂the bright moon and frontier in the Qin dynasty, the bright moon and frontier in the Han dynasty,＂ as in the pattern of X1 X2 Y2, Y1 X2 Y2 （qin shi（X1 ） ming yue（X2 ） guan（Y2 ）, han shi（X1 ） ruing yue（X2 ） guan（Y2 ） ）. Type 2 is ＂X1 X2 ,Y1 Y2-X2 Y2, Y1 X2 ,＂ which means that the semantic information of Y2 is exchanged with that of X2. For example, in the phrase＂quan（X2）xiang（X2）, jiu（Y1）lie（Y2） （literally, fragrant spring and clear wine） ,＂ ＂quan （ X2 ） xiang （ X2 ）＂ and ＂jiu （ Y1 ） lie （ Y2 ）＂ are symmetry structures. According to the interpretation of intertextuality, the symmetry structure means ＂clear spring and fragrant wine,＂ as in the pattern of X1 Ye, Y1 X2 （quan（X2）lie（Y2）, jiu （Y1） xiang（X2 ） ）. Type 3 is ＂X2 X2, Y1 Y2 X2 X2 Y1, X1Y1 Y2 ,＂ which means that the information related with Y1 or Y2 is added toX2X2, and the information related withX2 or X2 is added to YLY2. For example, in the sentence ＂bu wen Xia（Xl ） Yin（X2 ） shuai, zhong zi zbu Bao（Y1 ） Da（Y2 ）＂ （literally, I can＇t hear about the decline of the Tang dynasty because the emperor was willing to kill his favorite concubine, which is different from the decline of Xia and Shang dynasty whose emperors indulged themselves in favoring the imperial concubines such as Bao and Da） from a classical Chinese poetry, ＂Xia（X, ） Yin（X2）＂ and ＂Bao（Y1 ） Da（Y2 ）＂ are symmetry structures. According to the of intertextuality, the symmetry structure means ＂I can＇t hear about the decline of sty because the emperor was willing to kill his favourite imperial concubine, which om the decline of Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasty whose emperors indulged their favored imperial concubines such as Mei, Bao, and Da,＂ as in the pattern of Y2（bu wen Xia（X2） Yin（X2） Zhou（Y＇） shuai, zhong zi zhu Mei（X＇） Bao（Y1） Da pattern, ＂Zhou（Y＇）＂ is related with ＂Bao（Y1 ） ,＂ and Mei（X＇） ＂ is related with ＂Xia （X2） Type 4 is ＂X2 X2, Y1 Y2-X2 X2 Y2, YJ Y2 Xe,＂ which means that the opposite information of Ye is added to X1 X2, and the opposite information of X2 is added to Y1 Y2. For example, in the phrase ＂Zheng（Xl ） zhao（X2 ）, Song（Yl ） long（Y2） （literally, Zheng is bright and Song is deaf）,＂ ＂Zheng（X2 ） zhao （ X2 ）＂ and ＂Song （ Y1 ） long （ Y2 ）＂ are symmetry structures. According to the interpretation of intertextuality, the symmetry structure means ＂Zheng is bright and sensitive, and Song is blind and deaf,＂ as in the pattern of X1 X2 Y2, Y1 Y2 X2 （Zheng（X2） zhao（X2） cong （Y2）, Song（Y1） long（Y2） mang（X2））. In the pattern, ＂cong（Y1）＂ is the opposite of long（Y2） in meaning, so is ＂mang（X2）＂ and zhao（X2）. Apart from these 4 types, there are another 18 kinds of intertextuality type in Chinese, which has been described in the paper. The Chinese traditional intertextuality theory can be further developed from two perspectives in the future： firstly there should be other types of intertextuality which have not been included in this article. Hence potentially, more will be discovered and added to the type pool;secondly, because of the closely relation between the rich types of Chinese intertextuality and the nonlinear features of language organization, information communication, and psychological cognition, the traditional Chinese intertextuality theory could be revived if interdisciplinary researches in connection with information science, cognitive psychology, and even neurological science are conducted.