权利平等、机会均等与分担公正——教育公平的三个维度及其内在逻辑

Equality of Rights,Equality of Opportunities and Justice of Cost Sharing——Three Dimensions of Educational Fairness and Its Internal Logic

教育公平是衡量教育治理绩效的一项核心准则。对教育公平的理解应当包括三个维度,一是教育权利平等,二是教育机会均等,三是成本分担公正。其中教育权利平等是教育公平的基本要义,但它却无法自我实现;平等教育权利的实现有赖于权利主体具备行使权利的可行能力,包括可行的教育机会和可承受的成本分担,前者要求教育机会均等,后者要求成本分担公正。教育机会均等既包括起点上的入学机会均等,过程上的资源分享机会均等和对待机会均等,也包括学业成就和日后成功机会的相对均等。成本分担公正包括基本成本和额外成本分担的公正性,其中额外成本主要是指选择性教育成本和附加性教育成本。权利主体的可行能力是教育公平三个维度的连接纽带。

Educational fairness is a core criterion to measure the performance of educational governance. We should understand educational fairness according to three dimensions： the first is the equal of educational rights, the second is the equality of educational opportunities and the third is the justice of cost sharing. The equal of educational rights is the basic element of educational fairness. However, it can＇ t be self - realized. The realization of equal educational rights requires that the subject of fight has capabilities to exercise his or her rights. The capabilities include viable educational opportunities and tolerable cost sharing, the former re- quires equality of educational opportunities and the latter requires justice of cost sharing. Equality of educa- tional opportunities includes equality of entrance opportunity on the starting point, equality of resource sharing opportunity and treatment opportunity on the process, relative equality of academic achievement and chance of success in the future. Justice of cost sharing includes justices of sharing the basic costs and extra costs. The extra costs mainly refer to selective educational cost and additional educational cost. The capability of right subject is the joint tie of the three dimensions of educational fairness.