朝贡与条约的紧张关系——以欧美列强与日本对中韩朝贡关系的态度变化为中心

The Strained Relations Between “Paying Tribute” and “Treaty”——Centering on the European and American powers' attitude change on China and South Korea's tribunary relations

条约与朝贡之紧张关系,洵为理解19世纪末中韩关系近代转型过程之关键。欧美列强及明治日本固然坚持近代条约关系,以排斥与否定中韩传统朝贡关系,其实际外交立场仍依现实利害关系而有所变化。1866年丙寅洋扰之际的法国与1871年辛未洋扰之际的美国,相继否定中韩传统朝贡关系以禁阻清政府干涉,进而以侵略朝鲜行动而予以武力之冲击。至1876年与1882年,明治日本与美国则分别以条约明文有意否定了中韩传统朝贡关系。至1885年以来巨文岛事件之际,英国甚至不惜代纳朝鲜对华朝贡以获取清政府外交支持,俄国亦欲签订协议承认中国宗主权,以保障其在朝鲜利益,日本外务卿井上馨则向李鸿章提交《朝鲜办法八条》,试图承认中韩传统朝贡关系而实现对华合作方针,应可称之为"参入"性利用态度。所谓"条约取代朝贡"说反映到19世纪末中韩关系史,实为复杂曲折之动态进程,有待进一步深入探讨。

The strained relations between ＂paying tribute＂ and ＂treaty＂ is the key to understanding the modern transformation process of China and South Korea＇ s relations in the late 19th century. European and American powers and Meiji Japan insists on the modern treaty relations to reject and deny the traditional tribunary relations between China and South Korea. Their actual diplomatic position still varies according to the real interest relations. France at the time of 1866 and the US at the time of 1871 rejected in succession the traditional tribunary relations between China and South Korea to inhibit the intervention of the Qing Dynasty and then used force to invade Korea. In 1876 and 1882 respectively, Meiji Japan and the US rejected the tradtional tribunary relations between China and South Korea by a treaty. At the time of Port Hamilton incident in 1885, Britain aimed to get support from the Qing Dysnasty at the expense of paying tribute to China for Korea. Russian also wanted to sign a treaty to approve of China＇s suzerainty to ensure its interests in Korea. Japan＇s foreign minister Inoue Kaoru submitted Eight Clauses on Korea to Li Hongzhang in an attempt to admit the China and South Korea＇ s tribunary relations and realize cooperation with China. This can be called the ＂participation＂ attitude. The so-called ＂ treaty replacing tribute＂ proposal showed the history of China and South Korea＇s relations in the late 19th century. This is a complex and dynamic process and waits to be explored further.