清末预备立宪中的外方因素：有贺长雄一脉

Foreign Factors in Late Qing Constitutional Preparations:A Study Centered on Ariga Nagao and His Group

有贺长雄与清末预备立宪关系密切。他为考察政治大臣端方和戴鸿慈起草了考察政治报告,之后又为考察宪政大臣达寿和李家驹讲解欧美、日本的宪法与官制,并对清政府筹备立宪提出较为系统的建议,核心是建立"责任内阁制"。其观点与建议,在考政大臣有关预备立宪的奏折中有明显体现,与预备立宪的整体思路乃至官制编纂、宪法拟订有很大关联性。受有贺长雄、穗积八束等人影响,清末预备立宪倾向于模仿日本明治维新后的"大权政治"模式,但如何处理大权政治下君主与内阁以及满汉官僚之关系,是困扰清末官制改革的主要症结。

Ariga Nagao was closely involved in preparations for the late Qing constitution:he was the writer of draft reports for Duan Fang and Dai Hongci,officials whom the government had sent to investigate political systems abroad,and he later expounded European and Japanese constitutions and systems of government to the officials Da Shou and Li Jiaju,who had been assigned to investigate foreign constitutions.He also put to the Qing government relatively systematic proposals on the preparation of a constitution,centering on the establishment of the cabinet system of responsibility. His views and suggestions were clearly reflected in the memorials submitted to the court by the officials assigned to investigate political systems abroad.His ideas had a close relationship with the overall thinking and planning relating to the organization of the civil service and with the drafting of a constitution in the preparatory stage of Qing constitutionalism.Under the influence of Ariga Nagao and Hozumi Yatsuka,the late Qing constitutional movement tended to copy the model of Japanese'power politics'adopted after the Meiji Restoration.But the issue of how to handle the relationship among the monarch,the cabinet and Manchu and Han bureaucrats under a system of power politics was the trickiest problem facing governmental reform.