《粮食和农业植物遗传资源国际条约》与《名古屋议定书》比较研究

The Comparison of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture and the Nagoya Protocol

《粮食和农业植物遗传资源国际条约》(简称《条约》)与《生物多样性公约关于遗传资源获取和公平公正地分享由遗传资源利用产生惠益的名古屋议定书》(简称《议定书》)是遗传资源获取和惠益分享领域两个重要的国际法律文书,建立了各自的获取和惠益分享机制。由于担忧两个法律文书之间存在监管重叠,以及对我国遗传资源的保护和利用现状不够了解,我国均未加入。本文从目标、范围、获取和惠益分享框架和模式及受益者等4个方面比较了《条约》和《议定书》的差异,结合我国遗传资源的保护和利用现状,就是否加入《条约》与《议定书》提出了以下建议:(1)两个国际法律文书均应加入;(2)在履行《条约》时,需要加强作物野生近缘种的保护,防止资源流失;(3)在履行《议定书》时,监测和评估我国遗传资源应用能力,并适时提出修订《议定书》条款的要求。

The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture （hereinafter with the treaty） and the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Sha- ring from Their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity （hereinafter with the protocol）are both impor- tant international legal instruments in regard with access and benefit-sharing of genetic resources which have estab- lished their own access and benefit-sharing mechanism. China has not ratified both instruments due to the concerns about regulatory overlap, as well as the lack of understanding regarding the status quo of the protection and utiliza- tion of genetic resources. This article compares the treaty and the protocol with objective, scope, the framework and modality of access and benefit-sharing, and beneficiaries of two legal instruments. The possibilities of the ratification of the treaty and the protocol are analyzed based on the status quo review of the conservation and utilization of ge- netic resources in China ： （ 1 ） both international legal instruments should be ratified ; （2） the conservation of crop wild relatives should be strengthened to halt the outflow of resources,while implementing the treaty ; （3） monitoring and evaluating the utilization capabilities of genetic resources domestically, the revision proposal of the protocol should be raised as appropriate time while implementing the protocol.