柑橘属中生物碱辛弗林生理活性的研究进展

Research progress in biological activity of p-synephrine in cirus fruits

柑橘中含有黄酮类化合物、类柠檬苦素、维生素、类胡萝卜素、有机酸、生物碱等多种生物活性成分,其中主要的生物碱有辛弗林、章鱼胺及酪胺。辛弗林是芸香科植物酸橙枳实提取物中的有效成分。2004年,美国FDA禁止在减肥产品中添加麻黄碱,由于辛弗林和麻黄碱在化学结构类似,副作用较小,因此成为其替代品,具有广泛的应用市场。辛弗林减肥作用机理是由于刺激脂肪分解,提高代谢速率和促进脂肪氧化,静脉注射辛弗林会对健康人的血压、支气管、心血管及糖尿病模型小鼠的肝脏抗氧化体系产生影响,含有辛弗林的膳食补充剂中可能还含其他物质(如咖啡因等神经兴奋类化合物),可能增加副作用的风险,影响健康。针对枳实提取物的广泛应用,本文对其主要成分辛弗林的化学性质和生理活性进行综述。

Citrus species contain numerous bioactive compounds including flavonoids,limonoids,vitamins, carotenoids,organic acids and amines. Synephrine,octopomine and tyramine are commonly occurring amines in citrus. It is the most abundant active component of extracts from Citrus aurantiurn L. unripe fruits. Synephrine is related structurally to endogenous neurotransmitters （epinephrine and norepinephrine） and has gained significant popularity for the treatment of obesity. Moreover,the ban of ephedrine containing substance by food ＆ drug administration because of an association with serious adverse health effects seems to have resulted in higher consumption of dietary supplements containing synephrine due to their relatively less health risks. Synephrine produces an effect on the human metabolism which could be useful in reducing the fat mass in obese humans,because it stimulates lipolysis and elevates to be metabolic rate and oxidation of fat through increased thermogenesis. However,continuous intravenous infusion of synephrine on healthy volunteers increased the blood pressure, bronchial ,cardiovascular and diabetic model mice significantly. It was suggested that the extraction of C. arantium could effectively enhance the liver antioxidant function. The concomitant presence of these substances in dietary supplements containing synephrine likely increase the risk of secondary effects and can constitute a serious concern for health safety. In response to the rapid increase in the use of C. aurantiurn extracts in weight-loss products and associated concerns from health professionals,the chemical properties and biological activity from citrus species were reviewed.