文学穿越现实的独创方法——以中外经典作家为例

On the Ways for Literature to Pervade Reality

在文学批评和文学理论界,用现实主义、浪漫主义、现代主义这些普遍性的创作方法,是否可以解释中外经典作家的独创性和原创性,是一个新的文艺理论和文学批评问题。陀思妥耶夫斯基、鲁迅等作家在文学独创方法上的共同经验,都是针对社会现实提出作家独特的哲学或人文问题,然后针对这样的问题建立起来作家独特的个体理解,再由这样的理解派生出作品独特的文学性结构,从而呈现出"个体问题———个体理解———个体结构"的方法图式。否定主义文艺学将这样的方法解释为"穿越现实的文学创作方法"。这样的方法可以利用现实主义的写实、浪漫主义的奇幻和现代主义的心理、变形等方法,可以突破时代、文化和既有文学资源的束缚获得重大创新。

The paper raises the issue on how valid the traditional categorization of creative methods such as realism, romanticism and modernism can explain the uniqueness and originality of classical writers such as Dostoevsky and Lu Xun etc. It observes that classical writers have shared experience in the originality of literary creation which shows in their unique questions in philosophy or humanity targeting at the social reality of their own time while establishing their own understanding upon the questions and the understanding leads to the unique structuring of literary works. Therefore, a methodological schema can be found between individual concerns, personal understanding and idiosyncratic structuring in literary creation. Negativist literary theory interprets this schema as ＂reality - pervading method of literary creation＂, which makes use of realistic portraiture in realism, fantasy in romanticism and psychological - transformative method in modernism. The reality - pervading method can be very innovative as it may break through the bonds of the times, culture and existing current literary resources.