儒家乐教与德性圆满

The Confucian Music Education and Perfection of Virtue

乐教是儒家实现以德治国目标的良策。以道德立国,始于武王克商之后周公推行的新政。战国时代关于道德的讨论,已开始探究道德偏颇的问题。《尚书·皋陶谟》所述"九德"与《左传·襄公二十九年》所载季札论乐,都是对德性圆满的论述。孔子及其弟子承继这种传统,追求道德完美,利用音乐的教育功能,以雅乐施于教化,善化人心,克服人德性中的偏颇之处,从而成为达到完美道德境界的有效良途。中西方古先贤哲关于音乐教育的体系不同,切入的角度有别,但都极言音乐的教化功能,淡化其娱乐功能,视之为成人教育的必不可缺的重要环节。

Music education has always been a prominent policy of the Confucianists to realize their goal of rule by vir- tue.Building the country on morality as opposed to rule of law began from the policies of Zhou Gong after King Wu overthrew the Shang Dynasty.When scholars and thinkers of the Warring States period began discussing morality and politics,there quickly explored the problem of moral bias.The'nine virtues'set forth in the 'Counsels with Gaoyao'Chapter of Shang Shu and Ji Zhas opinion on music recorded in the'Twenty-ninth Year of Duke Xiang'Chapter of Zhuo Zhuan are both discourses on the perfection of virtue.Later,Confucius and his disciples inherited and carried on this dialogue.They pursued moral perfection,and emphasized the edu- cational function of music,applying elegant music to indoctrination as well as overcoming the bias in human vir- tue,thus making it an efficient path to attaining aperfect moral realm.The ancient philosophers of China and the West built different systems of music education and varied in their approaches to it,yet they all emphasized the educational function of music and downplayed its entertainment value,viewing it as a necessary link in adult education.