清代求雨禳灾叙事的伦理意蕴与民俗信仰

Ethics Implication and Folk Beliefs about Narrative of Praying for Rain to Prevent Disaster in Qing Dynasties

遇旱求雨,是明清一个重要的民俗事象。而清代求雨禳灾的社会政治伦理整合倾向,首先是皇帝一如既往地成为求雨的正统力量。上行下效,地方官员往往也是求雨责任人,求雨成功,效应远大于勤恳敬业保民的多年辛劳。求雨禳灾叙事中往往充满疑问和不确定性,求雨失败均将责任归结操作者法师。有的法师运用含有某种神秘崇拜内蕴的巫术仪式求雨,有时会有生命代价。文学想象艺术化地丰富了文学伦理复杂的整合特征。特定地区的灵物崇拜与求雨神物有关。佛教思维影响下的咒龙求雨,谩骂乃至鞭打龙神是巫术求雨的变形。旱魃崇拜则较为复杂,在明代就已有了驱除的替代方式——兽与女性。而清代则出现人面鸟类旱魃,甚至变形旱魃。暗示着异形现身与旱灾降临的某种神秘对应关系。

Praying for Rain when the weather is dry, is an important folk thing in the Ming and Qing Dy- nasties. There is a political ethics integration tendency. And the first, emperor, as always, was a legitimate power of rain. Therefore, the local officials often are the rainmakers, and if they successfully pray for rain, its effect is much larger than the hardworking dedicated many years of hard work to protect the people. The narrative of praying for rain is often filled with doubts and uncertainty. If it is failure, the operator will be blamed on. Some wizards use voodoo ritual to contain some kind of mystical worship intrinsic rainmakers. Lit- erary imagination artistic characteristics enriched the literature ethics complex integration. The spirit of a par- ticular region worship associated with rain fetish. Under the Buddhist thinking, it is a deformation mode of praying for rain that the Dragon is execrated, and even whipped. In the Ming Dynasty, drought worship had been an alternative to remove , that is beast and women. Hydro-engineering with birds＇ face and even de- formation hydro-engineering had displayed in Qing dynasty, which suggests that there was some mysterious cor- responding relation between the aliens appeared and drought.