宁夏南部山区马铃薯施肥现状与评价

Evaluation and Present Situation of Fertilization in Potato in Southern Mountain Region of Ningxia

为解决宁夏南部山区旱地马铃薯养分资源管理存在的问题。2012年，采用农户抽样调查方法，分析评价了3个县区100户宁夏南部山区旱地马铃薯的施肥现状和产量情况。结果表明，宁夏南部山区马铃薯当季纯N，P2O5，K2O平均总用量分别为249，95，60kg／hm2，其中，N、P205养分输入以化肥为主（分别占57％和69％），而K2O输入以有机肥为主（占98％以上）。氮肥基施和追施平均用量分别为196和53kg／hm2，基追比约为8口2。施氮量与产量分布不同步，施氮200～300kg/hm2的农户教最多（占36％），但其平均产量仅12．7t/hm2。随着施磷量的增加，马铃薯平均产量提高。随着施钾量的增加，马铃薯的产量呈先增加后降低的趋势，施K2O 100-150kg／hm2的平均产量最高（达16．6t／hm2）。58％的旱地马铃薯种植户氮肥总投入过量，50％以上的磷肥和钾肥用量不足。因此，宁夏南部山区马铃薯要遵循有机无机配施，控氮、增磷、补钾的原则，有机肥用量为22．5～30．0t/hm2，化肥N、P2O5、K2O用量分别不超过150，90，40kg／hm2为宜。

In orderto investigatethe problems of nutrients management in dry-land potato in the Southern Mountain Region of Ningxia, the household sampling survey was conducted to evaluate the situation of fertilization and yield of dry-land potato from three different cities/counties of 100 households in the Southern Mountain Region of Ningxia in 2012. The results showed that the average N, P2O5 and K2O application rates in potato were 249, 95, and 60 kg/ha, respectively; chemicals of N, P2O5 were the main nutrients input （N and P=O5 accounted for the total inputs by 57% and 69%, respectively）, but manure K2O became the predominant nutrient input （accounted for more than 98%）. The application rates of base N and top dressing N were 196 and 53 kg/ha, and the ratio of base N to top dressing N was about 8： 2. Yield of potato was not synchronously increased with N application rate increasing; although most of households applied 200-300 kg/ha of N fertilizer （accounted for the total by 36%）, the average yield of potato was only 12.7 t/ha. The average yield of potato was increased with P205 application rate increasing, and was increased firstly and then declined with K2O application rate increasing. The maximal yield （16.6 t/ha） was found among the K2O application rates of 100-150 kg/ha. There was 58% of potato households overused N fertilizer, however, more than 50% of them input inadequate P2O5 and K=O fertilizers. Therefore, it should be considered to follow the principle of combination application of chemical and manure fertilizers, and control N rates and add P2O5, and K2O supplement in potato in the Southern Mountain Region of Ningxia. The manure application rate should be ranged from 22.5-30.0 t/ha, and chemical fertilizers of N, P2O5, and K2O application rates be less than 150, 90, and 40 kg/ha, respectively.