清代山西旱灾规律及防治技术

The Laws of Drought and Its Prevention and Control Technologies in Shanxi Province in the Qing Dynasty

文章采用以县为单位的灾害统计方法和旱灾等级划分标准,对清代(1644-1911)268年山西旱灾史料进行搜集、整理和量化,从时间和空间两个方面分析清代山西旱灾分布特征,结果表明:清代山西平均1-2年即发生一次旱灾,清代前期和后期为旱灾高发期,中期旱灾发生频次较低;清代山西旱灾主要发生在夏季;从地域分布上看,清代山西受灾范围广,受灾县数占山西总县数的98%,主要分布在晋南、晋东南以及晋中和晋北部分地区。面对严重的旱情,清代山西官民在长期的农业实践中采用各种技术措施积极应对,包括兴建水利工程、采用防旱耕作技术以及引进和种植抗旱农作物,在一定程度上减轻了旱灾所带来的危害。

Through the collection and analysis of the historical documents of droughts in Shanxi province in the Qing dynasty （ 1644 - 1911 ）, the authors study the characteristics of their temporal and spatial variations with the statisti- cal method, taking the county as the basic unit. The results show that a drought occured every 1 -2 years. Droughts occurred more frequently in the early and late Qing dynasty and comparatively less frequently in the medium time of the Qing dynasty. Generally speaking, they happened mainly in the summer. Spatially concerned, droughts occurred in most areas of Shanxi province in the Qing dynasty. The drought - stricken counties account for 98% of the total counties and they were mainly located in the southern, southeastern, central and northern regions of Shanxi prov- ince. Officials and local people in Shanxi province used a variety of technical measures of prevention and control to fight against the drought in the long - term process of agriculture practice, including building water conservancy pro- jects, adopting cultivation technologies of protecting against drought and introducing and planting drought tolerant crops, so that the harm of drought was reduced to a certain extent.