论康德的地域美学思想——以《自然地理学》为中心

On Kant's Regional Aesthetics

康德的地域美学思想主要表现在他的《自然地理学》中。康德从受自然地理环境影响的人的种属特征、性格气质、生活习俗等视域考察了18世纪世界各个国家和地区的艺术风格与审美趣味,在孟德斯鸠"人从属于自然和气候"的思想基础上建构起他的地域美学思想。康德的地域美学思想是他重视审美经验的前批判期美学向重视理性分析的批判期美学的过渡,也是他整个美学思想体系的有机组成部分。康德在《自然地理学》中阐释的受地理环境决定所形成的艺术风格和审美趣味的差异、"鉴赏的偏离"、鉴赏是"对普遍使感官满意的判断"的思想、山区气候和乡愁悲剧的关系等,为他的《判断力批判》奠定了实践经验的基础,而《自然地理学》也因此成为康德建构整个美学思想体系的重要著作之一。

Kant＇ s regional aesthetics is fully demonstrated in his Physical Geography, in which starting from the geographically influenced characteristics of certain species, one＇ s character and temperament, one＇s life style and custom, Kant does a survey on the artistic style and aesthetic interests of various countries and regions in the 18th century. Kant＇s regional aesthetics is based on Montesquieu＇ s belief that man is subjected to nature and climate. Regional aesthetics, as an integral part of his aesthetic system, is the transition from pre-critical period of aesthetics to critical period of aesthetics. All his thoughts expressed in Physical Geography, such as the artistic style and aesthetic interests are influenced by geographical environment, appreciation is the satisfied recognition as well as the relationship between the mountain climate and nostalgia tragedy, laid a practical foundation for Critique of Judgment. Thus, Physical Geography is one of the most important works in Kant＇ s aesthetic system.