从清华简《系年》看周初的“三监”

On Three Supervisors in Early Western Zhou Dynasty in Terms of the Text Xinianon the Bamboo Slips Collected by Tsinghua University

清华简《系年》保存了关于西周初年"三监"史实的最早记载,为重新考察西周史研究中一直纠结不清的"三监"问题提供了新的历史资料。结合简文、西周早期青铜器铭文和传世文献来看,周初的"三监"应同管、蔡、霍三叔无关。武王克商后将以录子圣(武庚)为代表的商室贵族封于"商邑",设"三监"予以监管。而对管叔、蔡叔等诸叔的"分封"则是通过在战略要地设置军事据点的方式,实现对新征服的原商属地的直接军事占领和控制。"三监"应是武王克商后为了监管封于"商邑"内的以录子圣(武庚)为首的商室贵族而设,而管、蔡、霍三叔则是武王派驻在战略要地的戍守长官,其职责是实现周人对新征服的原商属地的军事占领和控制,与"三监"的性质并不相同。

The bamboo slips Xinian kept in Tsinghua saves the earliest historical information of “Three Su- pervisors” in early western Zhou dynasty. It is very important to rediscover“Three Supervisors”. Based on related bronze inscriptions and classical documents, “Guan shu”, “Caishu”and “Huoshu” were not ap- pointed as “Three Supervisors”. “Guan state”, “Cai state” and other “states” were the military stronghol- ds which were set up by king Wu to control the strategic points after the conquest of Shang dynasty. Three supervisors were appointed to supervise the nobles of Shang dynasty in “Shang Yi”. While “Guan shu”, “Caishu”and “Huoshu” were the military officers which were appointed by king Wu to garrison the strate- gic points. Their responsibilities were to realize the military occupation and control of Shang dynasty＇s capital area, which were different form the nature of “Three Supervisors”.