美国水污染物排放标准制订方法研究与启示

Study and Revelation on Method of Drawing up Water Pollutants Discharge Standard in the United States

文章简要介绍了美国水污染物排放管理制度概况,并概述了美国按照不同污染物类型、行业以及技术形成的水污染物排放标准体系。在此基础上,文章系统分析了包括数据收集、基于最佳现有实用技术(BPT)的标准限值和基于最佳经济可行技术(BAT)的标准限值确定方法等水污染物排放标准制订方法学。基于此,文章分析了美国水污染物排放标准制订方法的可借鉴意义,并提出了我国开展水污染物排放标准制修订工作的建议,即加强基础数据的调研与积累,探索水污染物排放的科学规律;就常规污染物和有毒污染物的排放限值的确定制定不同的方法体系;在标准中进一步界定标准限值的含义,保证标准的科学性;进一步发挥污染物排放标准促进污染防治技术进步的作用。

An overview of water pollutants discharge management system in the United States and its water pollutants discharge standard system with the classification of different types of pollutants,category of industries and technologies were described. On this basis,the method of data collection,limitation development based on BPT and BAT respectively which USEPA uses were analyzed. Then meanings of the method of drawing up water pollutants discharge standard in the United States were analyzed,and some suggestions for the development of water pollutants discharge standard in China were proposed,including strengthening the research and accumulation of data to explore the scientific laws of water pollutant emissions,developing different method systems of effluent standards for conventional pollutants and toxic pollutants,further defining the meanings of standard limitation to ensure scientificality of the standard,and promoting the role of effluent standards on the technology progress of pollution prevention.