从御制诗看乾隆帝的文化认同——兼论清帝国的汉化问题

Emperor Qianlong's Cultural Identity in his Poems and Chinesization of the Qing Empire

乾隆皇帝一生作四万多首汉文诗。乾隆帝之仰慕汉文化,对以儒家为主轴的中华文化之向往,在诗作中表现得极为突出。他对汉诗迷恋之深,对儒家仰慕之切,在显示其对汉文化之认同。乾隆帝无意为了族群认同而阻挡汉化,以儒家忠君爱国思想为主的文化认同与族群认同并行不悖。就汉族而言,满族统治是反客为主;满族而言,汉文化却是反客为主。"新清史"夸大"满族特性"的作用,低估汉文化的影响力,结论多有偏差。

Emperor Qianlong wrote more than 40,000 poems in Chinese in his whole life, which reflect his admiration for Chinese cul- ture with Confucianism as the core. His identification with Chinese culture found expression in his deep love of Chinese poems and Confucianism. Emperor Qianlong did not want to hinder Chinesizatiou due to his ethnic identity because he regarded the Confucian idea of loyalty to the emperor and patriotism as one in line with his ethnic identity. The Han nationality regarded the Manchu rule as the reversal of the position of the host and the guest while the Manzhu nationality regarded Han culture in the same way. A New History of the Qing Dynasty exaggerates the characteristics of the Manzhu nationality and underestimates the influence of Han culture with some misleading conclusions.