5Von BertalanfIy L, Sutherland J W. General systems theory: Foundations, developments, applications[M]. New York Braziller. , 1968.
6哈肯,纪岳,物理学研究者,等.协同学导论[M].西北大学科研处,1981.
7Charnes A, Cooper W W, Rhodes E. Measuring the efficiency of decision making units[J]. European Jour nal of Operational Research, 1978,2(6) . 429-444.