进口、出口与生产率——基于中国制造业微观企业的实证分析

Import,Export and Productivity ——An Empirical Analysis Based on China's Manufacturing Firm Level Data

本文利用2000—2005年中国工业企业数据库和海关数据库的匹配数据,分析了制造业企业贸易状态转变过程(非出口—出口、非进口—进口、无贸易—只进口、无贸易—只出口、只进口—进出口、只出口—进出口)中的自我选择效应和学习效应。全要素生产率的估计方面,笔者在传统OP方法的基础上加入了四种贸易状态变量。研究发现,进口方面,企业在非进口—进口过程中存在自我选择效应,不存在学习效应;在只进口—进出口过程中两种效应均不存在。出口方面,企业由非出口—出口、无贸易—只出口以及只出口—进出口过程中的自我选择效应依赖于企业的出口密集度,即此效应只存在于那些出口密集度低的企业中,而学习效应只在只出口—进出口过程中得到体现。结论为人们进一步深入理解贸易与生产率之间的关系提供了中国经验。

Using the database of China＇s industrial enterprises and customs data of China from 2000 to 2005, this paper analyzes seff-select effect and productivity-enhancing effect of manufacturing enterprises in China in the process of switching trade status （ non-exporter-- exporter, non-importer--importer, non-trade-- exporter- only, non-trade--importer-only, importer-only--two-way trader and export-only--two-way trader）. TFP is calculated by using a modified version of the Olley and Pakes （1996） estimator, taking account of a four- category trade status. The research finds that, for import, none of the two effects exists in the process of importer-only--two-way trader and only self-select effect exists in the process of non-importer--importer~ for export, productivity-enhancing effect only exists in the process of export-only--two-way trader and self-select effect only exists in the firms with low export intensity for the process of non-exporter--exporter, non-trade~ exporter-only and export-only--two-way trader. The conclusion provides evidence from China which can help us better understand the relationship between trade and productivity.