人工纳米材料对水生生物毒性的研究进展

Research progress on toxicity of manufactured nanomaterials to aquatic organisms

近年来纳米技术发展迅速,人工纳米材料(MNMs)在生物医学、航空航天和建筑等领域中广泛应用。然而,随着大量MNMs不断进入水环境,人工纳米粒子对水生生物的毒性效应已引起人们的关注。通过调研人工纳米粒子对水生生物毒性的最新研究成果,重点对人工纳米粒子在5个方面对水生生物的毒性效应进行综述:1)对水生生物个体生长的毒性效应;2)对肝组织、鳃组织和脑组织等在组织细胞水平的毒性效应;3)在分子和基因水平上对DNA结构、mRNA和相关蛋白质表达的影响;4)对水生生物的生殖毒性效应和机制;5)对其他生理作用如光合作用和呼吸作用的毒性影响。同时还分析了MNMs对食物链的影响,进一步对MNMs在水体环境中的毒理学发展方向进行了展望,以期为中国学者在相关领域的研究工作提供参考与借鉴。

With rapid development of nanotechnology, manufactured nanomaterials （MNMs） have been widely used in biomedicine, aerospace, construction and many other fields in recent years. Widespread public concerns regarding the aquatic toxicity caused by MNMs have been aroused. In this article, with investigation of huge amount of related scientific research references, five aspects of toxic effects toward aquatic organisms by MNMs have been reviewed. Firstly, the effects on individual growth of aquatic organisms; secondly, the effects on the level of cell and tissue （including gill, liver and brain tissue）; thirdly, the effects on the level of molecular and genetic （including DNA structure, mRNA and protein expression）; fourthly, the effects and mechanism of reproductive toxicity; lastly, the effects on other physiological functions such as photosynthesis and respiration. Meanwhile, potential side effects of MNMs on aquatic organisms＇ food chain were evaluated. Furthermore, we prospected the toxicology development direction of MNMs in aquatic environment with an aim to guide the related studies for domestic scholars.