中国自然资源生态补偿的可持续性分析

Analysis of the Sustainability of Ecological Compensation for Natural Resources in China

生态补偿是通过政府和市场机制来支付生态服务,奖励保护自然资源,补偿放弃发展机会成本,偿付生态破坏、资源消耗及环境污染的经济代价.中国自上世纪90年代开展生态补偿,以政府财政转移支付和专项基金为主要资金来源;由于缺乏相应的法规政策支持和灵活的市场机制,在实践中面临诸多问题与困难.本研究从理论基础、法律依据、经验借鉴、中国国情及现实需求等方向探讨生态补偿的可持续发展机理,并提出可持续生态补偿体系的建议.

The economical development and social civilization are greatly promoted and improved through the utilization of natural resources in China. However,a severe social imbalance is induced by the irrational distribution and unequal allocation of environmental benefits and economic benefits from the utilization of natural resources between different stakeholders. Hence, there are urgent needs to establish a sound,efficient and effective ecological compensation mechanism （ECM） sys- tem. Through government and market mechanisms,ECM is comprised of the payment for ecological services and natural resource conservation, the compensation for giving up the opportunity cost of development, and the payment for economic losses resulted from ecological destruction, resources depletion,and environmental pollution. In China, ECM was initiated in the 1990s solely to address the compensation for the forest ecological benefits, mainly relying on the financial transfer payment and special funds from the central and local governments. There exist many problems and obstacles for the ECM implementation to be overcome without the corresponding and appropriate laws,regu- lations, policies, and flexible market mechanism. Herein, researches on ECM sustainability were carried out based on the theoretical foundations, legal items, experience acquired, market demands, and the Chinese situation. Suggestions are proposed for the institution of the sustainable ECM sys- tem.