国际航空法中归责原则的演进过程

On the Evolution Process of Doctrine of Imputation in International Aviation Law

国际航空旅客运输的归责原则,最鲜明的特色就是对一元制的扬弃和对二元制的选择,即从《华沙公约》统一的承运人责任制度,演进到《蒙特利尔公约》的"双梯度"归责原则,严格责任和过错推定两种归责原则并存,同时发挥效用。"双梯度"归责原则,弭除了发达国家与发展中国家在归责原则上的矛盾,彰显了现代社会中法律的实质正义追求;是侵权法上严格责任与过错责任两种性质迥异的归责原则能够和平共处的最好例证,也是华沙体制归责原则由主观化向客观化演变的体现。

The most important characteristics of doctrine of imputation in international aviation passenger transportation are the abolition of unitary system and the adoption of binary system, namely the transformation from the unified system on carders＇ responsibility in Warsaw System to the dual model doctrine of imputation in Montreal Convention. The dual model of liability fixation in Montreal Convention has degenerated the disputes between the developed and developing countries on the doctrine of liability fixation and demonstrated the ideal on substantial legal justice in modem society. The Dual Model is the best example for peaceful coexistence between strict liability and fault liability, and an indication of change from subjective test to objective test in liability fixation in Warsaw System.