论“四项基本权利”及其刑罚向度

On the“Four Basic Rights”and the Dimension of Penalty

四项基本权利,即生命权、自由权、财产权和政治权利,构成了立宪国家公民基本权利体系之基本内核。唯其如此,大多法治国家均将四项基本权利之克减设定为法律保留之范畴;而在为法律所保留的诸项克减手段中,刑罚最为严苛,相应地,各国对其规控也最为严密。至今,轻缓化与人道化已然成为基本权利之刑罚限夺的总体态势;为顺应这一态势,中国当进一步贯彻刑罚谦抑原则,让其真正回缚于宪政轨道,以免公民基本权利受到过度侵蚀而名不副实。

The four basic rights, namely the right to life, liberty, property rights and political rights, constitute the basic ker- nel of citizens＂ fundamental rights system in constitutional states. As such, most of the countries under the rule of law set the derogation of four basic rights to the category of legal reservation,while in all the means of legal reservation, penalty is the most stringent, accordingly, so all countries control it by the most strict means. So far, the mitigation and humanism of pen- alty has become the overall trend for penalty restriction of the basic rights,in order to follow this trend,China should imple- ment the principle of restraining penalty,let the penalty return to the constitutionalism track,in order to avoid excessive ero- sion of citizens＂ fundamental rights and be more in name than in reality.