马克思主义在“存在”问题上的重大表态——兼论《德意志意识形态》对施蒂纳的批判

On Karl Marx's Critique to Max Stirner in Die Deutsche Ideologie:Why Being Issue Matters to Karl Marx?

所有哲学都是关于存在的学说,存在问题涉及哲学的基本问题,从一个哲学关于存在的思想很容易洞穿其全部哲学的主旨。关于存在的哲学经过漫长的发展在19世纪马克思出现的那个年代发生了重大的转向,这一转向是与克尔凯戈尔、施蒂纳和马克思三个几乎同时出现的重要思想家的名字紧密相关的。从那时起,哲学更加关注于个人、个人的身体、个人的情绪等存在问题,三种哲学都给出了自己解决问题的思路,也都各有其作用。相比之下,只有马克思将存在不是理解为感性存在,而是理解为感性活动,从而将问题的解决诉诸历史并为问题的解决提供了历史基础。这一点,海德格尔也似乎注意到了,他把存在理解为动词(to be)而不是动名词(being),与马克思的存在思想多有暗合,也具有一定的历史感。

Abstraet： Generally speaking,philosophy is mainly about the being issue. As the primary reflection of philosophy, being is suepresents the essence in different philosophic systems. Since last century, the turn about being issue by Karl Marx with his peers Kierkegaard and Max Stirner happened; all these three thinkers focused on the corporal and emotional individual in their outstanding pieces. Differing from the other two,Karl Marx regarded the being as dynamic rather than static and therefore his analysis lies under the context of history which conversely characters his discourse. Besides,just like Karl Marx, Heidegger argued that Sein （being in English） means to be with the imposed consciousness of history. Key words： being; Marxism; German Ideology ; Max Stirner