中国制造业的就业创造与就业消失

Job Creation and Destruction in China's Manufacturing Sector

过去三十年间,伴随着中国经济的总量增长,经济结构特别是就业的结构也在发生巨大的变化和转型。本文运用1998—2007年工业企业的微观就业数据,对中国制造业企业的就业创造与就业消失的规模、特征和趋势进行了详细分析。研究发现:(1)1998年到2007年间,中国的制造业同时经历了大规模的就业创造与就业消失,平均就业净增长为正,且在2002年以后达到3%—7%的净增长。(2)就业创造和消失在不同行业之间具有显著的差异:消费品行业是创造就业最多的行业,而传统制造业的就业消失最多。(3)私营企业就业创造率高于外资企业和国有企业,国有企业的就业消失率最高;企业越年轻,其就业创造率(消失率)就越高(低),因此对应的就业净增长率也就越高;南部沿海地区有着最高的就业创造率,和东部沿海、北部沿海地区一起经历了就业净增长,而内陆地区则经历了就业的负增长,其中以西北和东北这些传统经济的工业生产基地最为严重。(4)就业再分配中,组内的就业流动占据主导地位;除此之外,不同年限企业之间和不同所有制企业之间的就业流动贡献较大。

China has undergone a spectacular economic growth, accompanied with this growth path. This paper aims to answer this of Industrial Enterprises） between 1998 and 2007. We find that 1 ） and it is important to learn the job flow patterns question by utilizing a firm level data （Annual Surveys China had experienced simultaneous and significant job creation and destruction over the period 1998--2007; the net employment growth is positive, reaching a average rate of 3%--7% after 2002. 2） There are considerable variations across industries： job creations take place mostly in the consumer-goods industries, while job destruction is mostly severe in traditional industries. 3 ） There are substantial heterogeneities on job reallocation rates across different ownership types, firm sizes, ages and locations. 4） Different from the patterns found in transition economies, between-ownership employment shift explains a higher fraction of excess job reallocation in China.