作物遗传资源的抗病虫多样性与农业可持续发展

The Diversity of Resistance to Disease and Pest in Crop Germplasm and The Sustainable Developing on Agriculture

育种中对少数具显性单基因抗性的亲木材料的广泛利用,致使推广品种的抗病虫遗传背景狭窄,导致作物病虫害种类发生演变和重要病虫害持续爆发或流行.我国拥有丰富的作物遗传资源,在1986～1995年评价了7类粮食作物60万份次种质对58种病虫害的抗性,发掘出3万份次的抗性种质,其中6000多份兼抗2种以上病虫害.丰富的抗性资源是今后拓宽栽培品种遗传背景的重要基础.利用现代生物技术从农家品种、育成品种、外引品种、野生种和近缘植物种中发掘并合理利用显性单基因抗性和微效多基因抗性,通过遗传多样性的恢复,达到农田生态系的稳定,促进农业的可持续发展.

The widely use of a few parent materials with dominant and resistant monogene caused narrow on genetic background of commercial varieties and resulted in change and epidemic of disease and pest. From 1986 to 1995, more than 600,000 accessions/times of seven major crops were evaluated for resistance to 58 diseases and pests and 30,000 were resistant in which 6,000 were resistant to 2~4 diseases/pests. By using modern biologic techniques the new monogenic andminor - polygenic resistance will be found in landraces, improved cultivars, introduced varieties, wild species and wild relatives. The biological and genetic diversity in field ecologic system is the basis of sustainable developing on agriculture.